# Semaglutide References: Complete Citation Index

> Complete citation index for the Semaglutide research record — STEP, SUSTAIN, SELECT, PIONEER, pharmacokinetics, safety reviews, and 2024-2025 recent literature. DOIs and PubMed links.

## Primary citations

Full citation list with DOIs and PubMed URLs for the Semaglutide research record.

[1] Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al.; STEP 1 Study Group. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):989-1002. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2032183 PMID: 33567185. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33567185/

[2] Garvey WT, Batterham RL, Bhatta M, et al.; STEP 5 Study Group. Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 5 trial. Nat Med. 2022;28(10):2083-2091. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-02026-4 PMID: 36216945. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36216945/

[3] Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Davies M, et al. Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24(8):1553-1564. DOI: 10.1111/dom.14725 PMID: 35441470. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9542252/

[4] Rubino D, Abrahamsson N, Davies M, et al.; STEP 4 Investigators. Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021;325(14):1414-1425. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.3224 PMID: 33755728. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33755728/

[5] Davies M, Faerch L, Jeppesen OK, et al.; STEP 2 Study Group. Semaglutide 2.4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2). Lancet. 2021;397(10278):971-984. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00213-0 PMID: 33667417. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33667417/

[6] Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN-6). N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1834-1844. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1607141 PMID: 27633186. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27633186/

[7] Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, et al.; SELECT Trial Investigators. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(24):2221-2232. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2307563 PMID: 37952131. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37952131/

[8] Kosiborod MN, Bhatta M, Davies M, et al. Semaglutide improves cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with overweight or obesity: STEP 1 and 4 exploratory analyses. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023;25(2):468-478. DOI: 10.1111/dom.14890 PMID: 36478681. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10092593/

[9] Thethi TK, Pratley R, Meier JJ. Efficacy, safety and cardiovascular outcomes of once-daily oral semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes: The PIONEER programme. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22(8):1263-1277. DOI: 10.1111/dom.14054 PMID: 32267058. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32267058/

[10] Yang X-D, Yang Y-Y. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Semaglutide: A Systematic Review. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2024;18:2555-2569. DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S470826 PMID: 38952487. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11215664/

[11] Tamayo-Trujillo R, Ruiz-Pozo VA, Cadena-Ullauri S, et al. Molecular mechanisms of semaglutide and liraglutide as a therapeutic option for obesity. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1398059. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1398059 PMID: 38742021. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11090168/

[12] Papakonstantinou I, Tsioufis K, Katsi V. Spotlight on the Mechanism of Action of Semaglutide. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2024;46(12):13632-13656. DOI: 10.3390/cimb46120872 PMID: 39728000. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11674233/

[13] Papakonstantinou I, Tsioufis K, Katsi V. (same source as [12], cited for nausea mechanism findings)

[14] Smits MM, Van Raalte DH. Safety of Semaglutide. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:645563. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.645563 PMID: 34305810. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8294388/

[15] Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. Impact of Semaglutide on Body Composition in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: Exploratory Analysis of the STEP 1 Study. J Endocr Soc. 2021;5(Suppl 1):A975. DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab048.030. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8089287/

[16] Weghuber D, Barrett T, Barrientos-Perez M, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adolescents with Obesity (STEP TEENS). N Engl J Med. 2022;387(24):2245-2257. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2208601 PMID: 36322838. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9997064/

[17] Chuong V, Farokhnia M, Khom S, et al. The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue semaglutide reduces alcohol drinking and modulates central GABA neurotransmission. JCI Insight. 2023;8(12):e170671. DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.170671 PMID: 37192005. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10371247/

[18] Du Y, Zhang M, Wang Z, et al. A real-world disproportionality analysis of semaglutide: Post-marketing pharmacovigilance data. J Diabetes Investig. 2024;15(11):1601-1610. DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14229 PMID: 38943656. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38943656/

[19] Klausen MK, Knudsen GM, Vilsboll T, Fink-Jensen A. Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Alcohol Use Disorder. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2025;136(4):e70004. DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.70004 PMID: 39891507. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11786240/

[20] Various authors. Alopecia and Semaglutide: Connecting the Dots for Patient Safety. Dermatol Ther. 2025. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11909624/

[R2] Tirzepatide compared with semaglutide and 10-year cardiovascular disease risk reduction in obesity: post-hoc analysis of the SURMOUNT-5 trial. Eur Heart J Open. 2025. DOI: 10.1093/ehjopen/oeaf117 PMID: 40980721. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12448458/

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A trial-by-trial weighing of the semaglutide evidence record — STEP, SUSTAIN, SELECT, PIONEER — reported plainly, cited fully, and sold by no one.